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среда, 30 июля 2014 г.
суббота, 23 февраля 2013 г.
Leonov’s task. How to start the reaction of controlled thermonuclear fusion (CTF)?
Leonov’s task. From the book: Leonov V. S. Quantum
Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Superunification. Cambridge International Science
Publishing, 2010, pp. 599-602.
Today contradictions in quantum theory lie
between temperature and atom recoil with the emission (absorption) of photon.
It would seem that as the energy of the emitted photon increases, the recoil of
the photon on the atoms becomes greater and the intensity of the temperature
variations of atoms (molecules) also increases. In practice everything appears
reversed, the largest recoil is produced by the low-energy infrared photon
(thermal photon). The physical task of Leonov is thus formulated. It is necessary
to mathematically prove that the thermal recoil of the atom (molecule) is inversely
proportional to energy of the radiated photon.
Thus, gentlemen down to work! You became
accustomed that the recoil of a gun is proportional to the pulse of the ejected
bullet. It is now necessary to prove the reverse. These are the paradoxes of
quantum theory. I will continue the criticism of the activity of the atomic physicist
E. Kruglyakov who, after being absorbed in fighting pseudoscience, dedicated
his entire life to the creation of anti-science such as the false concept of
controlled thermonuclear fusion (CTF). One agrees that the temperature concept
of CTF was not formulated by Kruglyakov but by founders of thermonuclear physics
A.D. Sakharov, etc. But they also were not insured against errors. More than
four decades with the participation E. Kruglyakov we were told that the future
of power engineering is controlled thermonuclear fusion (CTF), closing down other directions of studies. With the aid
of CTF they promised us to solve all energy problems of humanity by the year
2000, after spending enormous sums of money. Time has gone past, energy problems
not only have not been solved but the situation is now in a critical state. A
new international project ITER costing 10 billion US$ (with Russia contributing
$1 billion) has been proposed instead of inoperative CTF systems of the Tokamak
type.
I openly declare that the ITER project is
a grandiose scientific adventure and will taxpayers money on antiscientific and
futile studies as was the case with Tokamaks. CTF is based on the false
temperature concept of synthesis. It was originally considered that it would be
sufficient to heat the hydrogen-forming plasma in a magnetic trap to a
temperature of 15 million degrees to start CTF of helium with the release of
energy as a result of the mass defect of nuclei. The temperature in the plasma
has already reached 70 million degrees, but CTF does not take place. The temperature
concept of nuclear fusion does not work. Kruglyakov and his associates lead the
government of the country and scientific community into a dead end.
It is now necessary to scientifically
explain the reasons for the aforesaid. But I before advise Kruglyakov as an
atomic scientist in the region of CTF, instead of becoming a flimsy inquisitor,
he should study my work in the physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary
particles, for example ‘Electrical nature of nuclear forces’ and others.
Ignorance of the structure of nucleons and of the nature of nuclear forces
resulted in the antiscientific concept CTF based erroneously on high
temperature. I shall also show to Mr E. Kruglyakov that in interaction of
nucleons inside the nucleus the zones of antigravity repulsion are opened and
they stabilise nucleons and atomic nuclei. Antigravity is also widespread in
nature, like gravity. It turns out that the physicist-atomic scientist, E.
Kruglyakov, Academician of the RAS does not understand the nature of nuclear
physics, but he attempts to stick the labels of antiscience to others.
Now, when the nature of nuclear forces in
theory of Superunification is known, it is difficult to find a way of including
the temperature factor in the CTF concept as a factor of overcoming the
electrostatic repulsion of protons (hydrogen nuclei). The temperature concept
of CTF was based on the positive experience with the explosion of the H-bomb,
where the detonator was a preliminary nuclear explosion accompanied by the
release of colossal energy. But in this case the temperature is one the factors
of energy release. The high pressures and the accelerations, which ‘press’
proton nuclei onto each other to the distances of the action of nuclear forces
(the electric forces of the alternating shells of nucleons), overcoming the
electrostatic repulsion of nuclei, are other factors.
Purely because of technical reasons it is
not possible to produce colossal pressures and particle accelerations under the
action of nuclear explosion inside the thermonuclear reactors under laboratory
conditions. Heating of plasma in the magnetic trap of Tokamaks is irrelevant.
Knowing the values of nuclear forces and cross sections of their action, it is
not difficult to calculate pressures and forces which must be overcome for the
nucleons to come closer together in spite of their electrostatic repulsion. For
this purpose the proton nuclei of light elements must be squeezed by the accelerated
fragments of the atomic nuclei of heavy elements (uranium, plutonium and
others) transfer ring a force momentum to splinters, as is done in the
thermonuclear bomb. The acceleration of the splinters of heavy nuclei occurs as
a result of their strongest electrostatic repulsion with splitting at the
moment of nuclear explosion. The conditions for the natural acceleration of the
splinters of nuclei are thus created.
As a result we obtain a nuclear press,
when light nuclei are squeezed between the accelerated fragments of heavy
nuclei and the quantized space-time, which presents the elastic quantized
medium (EQM) which acts as a wall (anvil). The strength of this anvil increases
with an increase in the strength of the effect of acceleration and the moments
of splinters on the anvil. This factor of the quantised medium, which possesses
the properties of superhardness under the influence of colossal accelerations
and forces from the side of the second required factor – accelerated fragments
of heavy nuclei, was never examined in the nuclear fusion theory. Without the two
factors indicated, which play the basic role in the explosion of a thermonuclear
bomb it will not be possible to start CTF.
On the other hand, I wanted to verify by
calculations how the temperature concept of thermonuclear fusion is related to
nuclear fusion. I could not find in the literature any sources describing the
calculations linking nuclear forces with temperature. Of course, they could not
be there. In order to calculate these forces it is necessary to have a clear
idea about the temperature not as a parameter on the scale of a thermometer or
photon energy, but as a thermal power engineering factor. But also here, as
already mentioned, present quantum theory gives failures. It occurs, the higher
the photon energy, the less the return down the atom it produces. The greatest return
produces the low-energy infrared photon (thermal photon), which is not capable
to ensure the recoil momentum of atomic nucleus for overcoming the
electrostatic barrier between the nuclei of light elements.
I specially focused attention on this
energy paradox, since temperature we connect for the sake of the temperature
variations of atoms and molecules as a result of return with the emission
(re-emission) of photon. Before its time the development of quantum theory also
began based on the energy paradox, when was revealed discrete nature of the
emission of atom and dependence of photon energy beyond its frequency, but not
from the intensity of emission. This contradicted classical electrodynamics.
Today such contradictions to quantum theory lie between temperature and atom recoil
during the emission (absorption) of the photon when it is not possible to
overcome the force of the electrostatic repulsion of atomic nuclei when attempting
their synthesis. The temperature concept of CTF is antiscientific in its basis
and it does not have any prospects for further development in power
engineering.
Thus, the solution of the Leonov’s problem
is not only of purely theoretical interest but it also represents the colossal
applied value for the processes generating thermal energy in the new power
cycles of quantum power engineering. This refers to a number of new
experimental effects with the liberation of excess heat, including the
Usherenko effect (effect of the ultra deep penetration of micro particles into
solid targets). If in CTF they still search for the effect of positive heat
liberation, then in the Usherenko effect this release of energy exceeds
102…104
times the kinetic energy of the accelerated particles–strikers. However, this
only one of many facts which experimentally confirm the prospects for the
development of quantum power engineering as the basis of power engineering in
the 21st century. By the way, quantum power engineering is a more general
concept which also includes nuclear reactions which, in the final analysis, are
only one of the methods of the extraction of energy of superstrong
electromagnetic interaction (SEI). This completely corresponds to the theory of
Superunification and the Einstein’s concept of the unified field.
More details on new fundamental
discoveries and the project ‘Quantum Energetics’ can be found http://www.quanton.ru/
References
1. Leonov V.S., Nature of non-radiation
and radiation of the orbital electron, Chapter 7 of this book.
2. Leonov V.S., The two-rotor structure of
the photon. The photon hygroscopic effect, Chapter 6 of this book.
3. Myakishev G.Ya., Temperature, Physical
Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, Bol’shaya Rossiiskaya Entsiklopediya, Moscow, 1998,
61–62.
воскресенье, 11 декабря 2011 г.
Theory of Superunification examines a cold fusion as a basic source of heat in the 21st Century
Leonov V. S. Quantum Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Superunification, 2010.
Download free PDFIn book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", Kuhn argued that science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "paradigm shifts" in which the nature of scientific inquiry within a particular field is abruptly transformed.
This process has the cyclical nature. Time of cycle (Kondratieff long waves) for scientific and technical revolution is 50 ... 60 years.
Einstein's relativity theory and quantum theory are generated at the beginning of the 20th century.
The atomic bomb, a laser, a semiconductors have been created in the mid-20th century.
Which the scientific revolution occurred at the beginning of the 21st century?
The 21st century is no exception for change the scientific paradigm that took place in the theory of Superunification as the basis of Quantum Energetics :
Leonov V. S. Quantum Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Superunification.
Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2010, 745 pages.
V.S. Leonov. Quantum Energetics : Theory of Superunification.
Viva Books, India, 2011, 732 p.
Unfortunately, the scientific community has not realized that new scientific and technological revolution is accomplished.
Leonov’s forecast for 100 years
Now follows the statements by Vladimir Leonov in the interview with the Russian newspaper ‘Power engineering and the industry of Russia’, 2009, No. 7, April:
– What is your forecast for the development of quantum power engineering for the next, let us say, 100 years?
– I am not a prophet of the Nostradamus type, and if I make the forecast of the development of science and technologies, then I am guided in this case by the fundamentally new knowledge which the theory of Superunification provides. It is natural that the transition to quantum power engineering will not occur immediately and decades will be required before we introduce the new technologies and the branches of management throughout the entire world. Let us define two large directions: quantum reactors – (heat generators) and quantum engines. Nuclear reactors also belong in the group of quantum reactors – (heat generators).
Quantum engines are the fundamentally new devices, intended for carrying out mechanical work due to the creation of thrust without the ejection of reactive mass. I would like to mention that the level of the technologies at the beginning and the end of the 20th century cannot be compared. To attempt to look 100 years into future is possible relying only on the prospects for the development of quantum power engineering: power engineering will be completely decentralized over hundreds years. Many autonomous quantum energy sources with satisfy all needs for the supply of heat and electrical energy. Evidently, the sphere of sale of heat and electric power will disappear and will be replaced by business dealing with the production of energy sources, their operation and repair and also with the delivery of fuel, for example the sand prepared for cold synthesis reactors utilizing the Usherenko effect and also catalysis preparations for cavitations reactors.
Quantum engines will prevail in the field of transportation. Possibly, the classic automobile on the wheels will disappear (analogous example with the locomotive) and a gravitational ‘cushion’ will replace them. There will no longer be any need for arterial roads which will benefit Russia with its huge territory. ‘The flying saucer’ will become the main universal transport means. The Moon will be colonized and interplanetary flights will become regular.
Finally, the discovery of Rossi and his E-cat became yet another confirmation that the new scientific and technological revolution was accomplished.
The theory of Superunification integrates gravity, electromagnetism and nuclear and electroweak forces from unified positions. The structure of elementary particles and the nature of the atomic nucleus have become known to scientists. We have various options for overcoming the electrostatic barrier of the protons. The processes taking place in the apparatus Rossi are no secret to me.
Rossi deserves the award of the Nobel Prize next year in compliance with the testament of the Nobel. The cold fusion was supported by Julian Schwinger, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics. The cold fusion is actively supporting a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics Brian Josephson.
суббота, 3 декабря 2011 г.
Priority of Usherenko (1974) in the region of cold fusion (synthesis)
Rossi's experiments stepped up interest to cold fusion:
Andrea Rossi Preparing for Huge E-Cat Company (Matthew)
A new energy source from nuclear fusion (Matthew)
Swedish physicists run the site ecat.com (Matthew)
and other.
I am a supporter of cold fusion and I congratulate Rossi with well-deserved success.
However, I am reminded of Andrea Rossi that an experiment was conducted in 1974 with allocation of excess energy (the Usherenko effect). This does not diminish the merits of Rossi, but confirms that he is on the right track. The Usherenko effect is works. This effect has been repeatedly tested and always was repeated.
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TEXT PDF Priority of Usherenko (1974) in the region of cold fusion (synthesis)
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